Monday Ground Up: Causes of the Great Schism of Western Christianity

In the late 14th century and after the death of Pope Gregory XI, the college of cardinals met to elect a new pope. The citizens of Rome feared the return to a French Papacy if a Frenchman was elected. Not only that, the cardinals would open themselves up to attacks if they didn't choose an Italian. They safely elected Bari, who was crowned Pope Urban VI on Easter Sunday.

Urban threatened the cardinals, advising them that he would fill the college with as many Italians as possible, thereby eliminating the French majority. A manifesto was presented by the cardinals stating Urbans election was null and void. The French then elected Clement VII and returned to Avignon. Since Urban remained in Rome, this created the Great Schism, which created new thoughts on state and religion and a rise of the conciliar movement, a decline of the prestige of the church, and a new theological framework.

A Rise in Conciliarism Causes A Decline of the Church

Marsiglio of Padua denied temporal authority and was subject to spiritual authority, stating the church should adhere to spiritual functions, and only that. Final authority would rest in the hands of the general church council. This theory led many to Conciliarism, a belief that a general council could end the schism and reform the church. The calling of the council was a difficult task until Holy Roman Emperor Sisigmunds efforts. He formed a new ecumenical church that met to end the schism, disposing of all 3 popes and electing Pope Martin V, ending the schism.

This led to the declining prestige of the church, especially the papacy. The Schism had greatly aggravated the financial abuses during the Avignonese papacy and two systems of administration for taxes had been implemented. In addition, the faith of all Christians had been damaged, especially considering that the line of popes deemed each other the Antichrist. To make matters worse, during the Black Death parish priests fled , thereby failing to provide spiritual comfort.Family chapels were formed that signified the importance of purgatory, therefore they created a more mechanical path to salvation.

Pilgrimages once again became popular and contributions without the assistance of clerics reflected the weakening of the institutional church. Citizens became more active in their own salvation, even looking to mysticism to experience a oneness with God. In addition, Eckharts movement on the soul and its salvation took on a new form of Modern Devotion, founded by Groote. Groote gained a following, which later was named the Brothers of the Common Good.

The New Vision

The theological framework after the Great Schism was questioned by Thomas Aquinas, whose faith wasn't widely accepted, however it was kept within a niche of scholastic thought. Additionally, William of Occam simply believed that if you couldn't see it, it wasn't real. There was no belief in a higher supreme being and the truths of religion can only be seen by an act of faith. Occam's beliefs, although controversial, led to the development of physical science by using analysis.

Although the Great Schism had a confusing and tense beginning, it created some evolutionary aspects of scholastic thoughts, as well as creating a more family oriented church setting where people could reach salvation without the assistance of the institutional church. In all actuality, one mistake or error led to more discovery.

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The End of the Great Schism and Its Affects on The Renaissance Papacy

The End of the Great Schism and Its Affects on The Renaissance Papacy

The Papacy of the Renaissance encompassed the line of popes from the conclusion of the Great Schism to the beginning of the Reformation in the early 16th century. The papacy had maintained its supremacy, although their moral ethics had overshadowed their ability to rule as religious figures. The Catholic Church was on the decline, and the popes were exerting their warlike efforts on society.

However, there was still a focus on cultural affairs, as Rome was becoming a literary and artistic center of the Renaissance. It quite simply was a time where the latter overshadowed the pope's duties as spiritual leaders to the people.

The efforts of the popes during the Renaissance was much more focused on bloodshed than spiritual enlightenment. Julius II, the "warrior pope", led armies against his enemies, much to the surprise and disgust of his Christian followers. The direction was aimed at territorial claims in the Papal States; however, war was a topic of the church and in their teachings and the intellectuals of the time made that abundantly clear in their writings.

Consider Machiavelli who once wrote in The Prince "If any one should ask of me how comes it that the Church has attained such greatness in temporal power, seeing that from Alexander backwards the Italian potentates (not only those who have been called potentates, but every baron and lord, though the smallest) have valued the temporal power very slightly". Was his observation so far from the truth?

To make matters more complicated, popes were not hereditary monarchs and could not build on their holdings and wealth, so they relied on nepotism to promote their families' interests. Pope Sixtus IV gave his nephews church offices to build up their wealth, and Alexander VI encouraged his son Cesare to claim an Italian state from the territories of the Papal States.

Pope Julius II

Although the act of war and the accumulation of wealth was of great importance at the time, so were the cultural efforts of the popes to transform Rome. Pope Julius II tore down Saint Peter's Basilica, a church originally commissioned by Constantine, and rebuilt what we see today. Leo X was also directly involved as a participant of cultural advancement, however not in a matter of policy.

Saint Peters Basilica

After Lorenzo became a cardinal at the age of 13, he acquired a taste for the arts, manners, and social life of the Renaissance. He became the pope at age 37 and commissioned Raphael to paint Saint Peter's. Shortly after, construction was accelerated in Rome to concrete its position as the artistic capital.

Although the papacy of the Renaissance did experience a decline, there was still an evident move towards a more culturally enlightened existence. Current religious practices were questioned and humanists offered their view on issues of the church. It was time of unanswered questions about tradition and the direction the medieval society and church was taking.